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1. Definition
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Name
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TOURISM
CONTRIBUTION TO LOCAL GDP
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Brief
definition
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The
Local GDP contribution from the tourism sector in
the area.
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Unit
of measure
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%
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2.
Position within the logical framework DPSIR
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Type
of Indicator
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Driving
force
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3.
Target and political pertinence
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Objective
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The
indicator shows the importance of the tourism sector
to the local economy, giving a measure of its contribution
to the local GDP.
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Importance
with respect to desertification
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Tourism
is one of the most important social and economic activities
in Europe. It has grown by almost 5% per annum since the early
1970s. There is a growing recognition that at many tourist
destinations, traditional management practices have led to
undesirable social and environmental impacts, also contributing
to land degradation processes (see the importance of Tourism intensity with respect to desertification).
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International
Conventions and agreements
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In
1996, three international organizations - the World
Travel & Tourism Council, the World Tourism Organization
and the Earth Council - joined together to launch
an action plan: "Agenda 21 for the Travel &
Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable
Development", a sectoral sustainable development
programme based on the results of the 1992 Earth Summit.
The UN Commission for Sustainable Development, at
its Seventh Session in 1999, considered tourism as
an economic sector, held a multi-stakeholder dialogue
on the topic and adopted an international work programme
on sustainable tourism development. Implementation
of the programme were reviewed in 2002 as part of
the 10- year review of progress achieved since the
1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED).
With
respect to the European Commission, Article 3u in
the Amsterdam Treaty included, for the first time,
'measures in the sphere of tourism' in the list of
Community activities chosen in support of the Community's
overall objectives. The Treaty gives no particular
guidance for a Community tourism policy and there
is no specific legal basis for Community measures
on tourism. In 1999, while discussing the Commission's
communication "Enhancing Tourism's Potential
for Employment" the Council of (Internal Market)
Ministers recalled the importance of better integration
of the needs of the tourism sector into other Community
policies and invited the Commission and the Member
States to work together on a number of priority issues
including promoting environmental protection and sustainable
development in tourism. EU Working groups (Member
States and European Commission) addressed these issues
and were due to recommend a set of policies to the
Council by mid-2001.
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Secondary
objectives of the indicator
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The
indicator contributes information to tourism developers,
who have to face the challenge of creating a balance
between economic growth and the preservation (or enhancement)
of environmental and social processes.
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4.
Methodological description and basic definitions
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Definitions
and basic concepts
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Travel
& Tourism Economy GDP should include the direct
and indirect added value associated with Travel &
Tourism demand including: Travel & Tourism consumption
plus Travel & Tourism capital investment (private
sector and public sector), Travel & Tourism government
expenditures (collective) and Travel & Tourism
foreign trade (non-visitor).
Travel
and Tourism Demand includes: 1) Government Expenditure
(Collective) by agencies and departments associated
with Travel and Tourism, but made on behalf of the
community-at-large, such as tourism promotion, aviation
administration, security services and sanitation services.
2) Capital Investment by Travel and Tourism providers
(the private sector) and governmental agencies (the
public sector) to provide facilities, equipment and
infrastructure to visitors. 3) Exports (Non-visitor)
which include consumer goods sent abroad for ultimate
sale to visitors (such as clothing, electronic appliances
or gasoline) or capital goods sent abroad for use
by industry service providers (such as aircraft or
cruise ships).
Travel
and Tourism Consumption includes: consumer expenditure
including traditional personal spending by residents
on services that are normally associated with Travel
and Tourism (lodging, transportation, entertainments,
meals, financial services, etc.); as well as goods
(durable and non-durable) which are purchased by residents
and used for Travel and Tourism activities.
Business
and Governmental Expenditures for "business travel"
mirror those of personal consumption (transportation,
accommodation, meals, entertainment, etc.), but are
undertaken in the course of business or governmental
work. There are also Individual Government Expenditures
by agencies and departments such as cultural institutions
(art museums) or national parks and customs and immigration
on behalf of individual visitors. Visitor Exports
are expenditures by international visitors on goods
and services in a resident economy.
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Benchmarks
Indication of the values/ranges of value
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I°
range: < Local Mean -St. Dev.
II° range: >Local Mean - St. Dev. < Local Mean
III° range: > Local Mean < Local Mean + St.
Dev.
IV° range: > Local Mean + St. Dev
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Methods
of measurement
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See
Definitions and basic concepts.
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Limits
of the indicator
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In
some case the indirect effects of tourism are not
easy to measure, because of the large numbers of linkages
and multiple effects on the local and national economy.
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Linkages with other
indicators
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The indicator is closely
linked both to general economic and tourism indicators such
as GDP per capita, added
value by employment, Tourism
intensity.
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5.
Evaluation of data needs and availability
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Data
required to calculate the indicator
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Travel
& Tourism consumption plus Travel & Tourism
capital investment (private sector and public sector),
Travel & Tourism government expenditures (collective)
and Travel & Tourism foreign trade (non-visitor).
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Data
sources
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The
primary data sources are national statistical offices.
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Availability of data
from national and international sources
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In some case, both at
national and sub-national level, date of indirect
effects are not available or are incomplete. Apart
from national statistical offices, other sources are
WTO, Eurostat and OECD.
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6.
Institutions that have participated in developing the indicator
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Main
institutions responsible
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Other
contributing organizations
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Universities
of Basilicata, Lisbon, Murcia, Athens.
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7.
Additional information
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Bibliography
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Eurostat-OECD-WTO,
Tourism Satellite Account (TSA): Methodological References,
2000.
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Other
references
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World
Tourism Organisation, 1996. What tourism managers
need to know. A practical guide to the development
and use of indicators of sustainable tourism, WTO
Spain.
Organisation
for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1994. Environmental
Indicators - OECD Core Set, OECD Paris.
http://themes.eea.eu.int/Sectors_and_activities.
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Contacts Name and address
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University of Basilicata
Prof Giovanni Quaranta
email: quaranta@unibas.it
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