Overview

This repository contains raster datasets describing current and projected carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stocks and fluxes, as well as crop yields, for European agricultural soils under different organic agriculture (OA) scenarios. The datasets were generated using the calibrated DayCent ecosystem model at European scale, combined with spatially explicit soil properties, climate data, land use information, and representative management practices. Detailed model descriptions, scenario assumptions, and calculation methods are provided in the accompanying manuscript and supplementary material. Reference to figures in the text is according to the published figures of the relevant publication in Global Change Biology.

For further information on model parameters, scenario assumptions, raster layers, or data interpretation beyond what is described in the manuscript and referenced literature, please contact the corresponding author.
Repository Structure
The repository contains raster data in four main folders:

1.    Current_BAU/
2.    100%OA/
3.    25%OA/
4.    Stencils/

Data Properties
Property    Value
Coordinate Reference System    ETRS89-LAEA
Pixel size    1km x 1km
Spatial coverage    European agricultural land (EU + UK)
Temporal coverage    Current (2019-2022) & future projections (2031-2034)
Type of Dataset    GeoTIFF (.tif)
Reference    Muntwyler, A., Lugato, E., Panagos, P., Scherer, L., Muller, A., Pfister, S. (2026). Modelling organic agriculture expansion in the EU: Assessing productivity and environmental trade-offs. Global Change Biology

Raster File Description

Current & Business-As-Usual (BAU)
The raster data in the folder /Current_BAU represent the current (2019-2022) and projected (2031-2034) agricultural management without implementation of additional organic agriculture measures. The nutrient stocks and flows and crop yield are split into two raster files per scenario (SOC / FLX), as described in Table 1 & 2. Other raster datasets describe the soil degradation criteria to select the target areas to convert as described in Fig. 3, or the limiting nutrient as in Fig. S3. 
Files:
•    SOC_BAU.tif
•    FLX_BAU.tif
•    Fig3a_Pexcess_current.tif
•    Fig3b_Nsurplus_current.tif
•    Fig3c_erosion_current.tiff
•    Fig3d_deg_overlap.tif
•    FigS3_NutrientLimit.tif

100% OA 
This scenario assumes conversion of all agricultural land to organic agriculture. Provided raster files show a) two yield-gap assumptions (low = 20% yield reduction under organic agriculture; high = 10 % yield reduction under organic agriculture) and b) an additional cover crop scenario (CC). Again, the parameters are split into two raster files per scenario (SOC / FLX), as described in Table 1 & 2. 
Files
•    SOC_ORG_low.tif
•    SOC_ORG_low_CC.tif
•    SOC_ORG_high.tif
•    SOC_ORG_high_CC.tif
•    FLX_ORG_low.tif
•    FLX_ORG_low_CC.tif
•    FLX_ORG_high.tif
•    FLX_ORG_high_CC.tif

25% OA 
This scenario assumes conversion of 25% agricultural land to organic agriculture. Two different spatial implementation strategies are provided (EU-wide (EU) vs. member-state-wide (memberstate)). Again, the two yield gap assumptions (low = 20% yield reduction under organic agriculture; high = 10 % yield reduction under organic agriculture) and the additional cover crop scenario (CC) is provided. Each layer is described in Table 3.
Files
•    OA_EU_low.tif
•    OA_EU_low_CC.tif
•    OA_EU_high.tif
•    OA_EU_high_CC.tif
•    OA_memberstate_low.tif
•    OA_memberstate_low_CC.tif
•    OA_memberstate_high.tif
•    OA_memberstate_high_CC.tif

Stencils
Additional raster files provide the selected implementation areas for both yield gap assumptions (low = 20% yield reduction under organic agriculture; high = 10 % yield reduction under organic agriculture):
Files
•    EU_high.tif
•    EU_low.tif
•    Memberstate_high.tif
•    Memberstate_low.tif


Table 1 description of the provided raster data. 

ID    Filename    Scenario    Description    Layers    Timeframe

1    ./25%OA/OA_EU_low.tif    25% OA, EU-wide, low yield reduction    Multiband raster containing all indicators for the 25% OA scenario implemented EU-wide under the low yield reduction assumption (20%).    Table 2    2031–2034
2    ./25%OA/OA_EU_low_CC.tif    25% OA, EU-wide, low yield reduction + cover crops    Same as ID 1 with the additional cover crop measure.    Table 2    2031–2034
3    ./25%OA/OA_EU_high.tif    25% OA, EU-wide, high yield reduction    Multiband raster containing all indicators for the 25% OA scenario implemented EU-wide under the high yield reduction assumption (10%).    Table 2    2031–2034
4    ./25%OA/OA_EU_high_CC.tif    25% OA, EU-wide, high yield reduction + cover crops    Same as ID 3 with the additional cover crop measure.    Table 2    2031–2034
5    ./25%OA/OA_memberstate_low.tif    25% OA, Member-state, low yield reduction    Multiband raster containing all indicators for the 25% OA scenario implemented at Member State level under the low yield reduction assumption (20%).    Table 2    2031–2034
6    ./25%OA/OA_memberstate_low_CC.tif    25% OA, Member-state, low yield reduction + cover crops    Same as ID 5 with the additional cover crop measure.    Table 2    2031–2034
7    ./25%OA/OA_memberstate_high.tif    25% OA, Member-state, high yield reduction    Multiband raster containing all indicators for the 25% OA scenario implemented at Member State level under the high yield reduction assumption (10%).    Table 2    2031–2034
8    ./25%OA/OA_memberstate_high_CC.tif    25% OA, Member-state, high yield reduction + cover crops    Same as ID 7 with the additional cover crop measure.    Table 2    2031–2034
9    ./100%OA/SOC_ORG_low.tif    100% OA, low yield reduction    SOC-related indicators for complete conversion to organic agriculture under the low yield reduction assumption (20%).    Table 3    2031–2034
10    ./100%OA/SOC_ORG_low_CC.tif    100% OA, low yield reduction + cover crops    Same as ID 9 with the additional cover crop measure.    Table 3    2031–2034
11    ./100%OA/SOC_ORG_high.tif    100% OA, high yield reduction    SOC-related indicators for complete conversion to organic agriculture under the high yield reduction assumption (10%).    Table 3    2031–2034
12    ./100%OA/SOC_ORG_high_CC.tif    100% OA, high yield reduction + cover crops    Same as ID 11 with the additional cover crop measure.    Table 3    2031–2034
13    ./100%OA/FLX_ORG_low.tif    100% OA, low yield reduction    Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus flux indicators under complete organic conversion and low yield reduction.    Table 4    2031–2034
14    ./100%OA/FLX_ORG_low_CC.tif    100% OA, low yield reduction + cover crops    Same as ID 13 with the additional cover crop measure.    Table 4    2031–2034
15    ./100%OA/FLX_ORG_high.tif    100% OA, high yield reduction    Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus flux indicators under complete organic conversion and high yield reduction.    Table 4    2031–2034
16    ./100%OA/FLX_ORG_high_CC.tif    100% OA, high yield reduction + cover crops    Same as ID 15 with the additional cover crop measure.    Table 4    2031–2034
17    ./Current_BAU/SOC_BAU.tif    BAU    SOC-related indicators for the baseline (BAU) scenario.    Table 3    2019–2022 & 2031–2034
18    ./Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif    BAU    Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus flux indicators for the baseline (BAU) scenario.    Table 4    2019–2022 & 2031–2034
19    ./Current_BAU/Fig3a_Pexcess_current.tif    Current conditions    Agricultural soils with excess available phosphorus (>50 mg P kg⁻¹).        2019–2022
20    ./Current_BAU/Fig3b_Nsurplus_current.tif    Current conditions    Agricultural soils with nitrogen surplus (>50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹).        2019–2022
21    ./Current_BAU/Fig3c_erosion_current.tif    Current conditions    Agricultural soils with soil erosion >2 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹.        2019–2022
22    ./Current_BAU/Fig3d_deg_overlap.tif    Current conditions    Areas affected by one, two or three degradation indicators simultaneously.        2019–2022
23    ./Current_BAU/FigS3_NutrientLimit.tif    Current conditions    Nutrient limiting crop growth (N, P or other) in BAU and OA scenarios.        2031–2034
24    ./Stencils/EU_high.tif    Selection mask    Target areas selected for EU-wide implementation under the high yield reduction assumption (10%).        Scenario definition
25    ./Stencils/EU_low.tif    Selection mask    Target areas selected for EU-wide implementation under the low yield reduction assumption (20%).        Scenario definition
26    ./Stencils/Memberstate_high.tif    Selection mask    Target areas selected for Member-state implementation under the high yield reduction assumption (10%).        Scenario definition
27    ./Stencils/Memberstate_low.tif    Selection mask    Target areas selected for Member-state implementation under the low yield reduction assumption (20%).        Scenario definition




 
Table 2 Layer descriptions of multiband raster layers containing all indicators for the 25% OA scenario. All layers represent averages for the period 2031–2034.

Layer    Parameter    Unit    Description
1    Cbud    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Soil carbon budget (Equation 1)
2    Cerod    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net carbon loss through erosion
3    Cin    t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon input to soil
4    Cin_net    t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net carbon input (Cin − Cresp)
5    Cresp    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Heterotrophic respiration
6    erod    t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net soil erosion
7    N2    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen loss as N₂
8    N2O    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrous oxide emissions
9    Nerod    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen loss through erosion
10    Nfix    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Biological nitrogen fixation
11    Nleach    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen leaching
12    Nmin    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Mineral nitrogen fertilizer input
13    NO    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitric oxide emissions
14    NPP    t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net primary productivity
15    Nsur    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Gross nitrogen budget (Equation 3)
16    Ntot    kg ha⁻¹    Total soil nitrogen stock
17    Pav    kg ha⁻¹    Plant-available phosphorus
18    Pbud    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Phosphorus budget (Equation 2)
19    Perod    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Phosphorus loss through erosion
20    Pleach    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Phosphorus leaching
21    Pmin    kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Mineral phosphorus fertilizer input
22    Ptot    kg ha⁻¹    Total soil phosphorus stock
23    SOC    t ha⁻¹    Soil organic carbon stock
24    yield    t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Crop yield

Table 3 Layer descriptions of multiband raster layers containing all indicators for the Current & BAU scenario (Current_BAU/SOC_BAU.tif) and all 100%OA scenarios (files in /100%OA/ beginning with SOC_). 

Layer    Variable    Unit    Description    Timeframe    Rasters
1    Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)    t C ha⁻¹    Soil organic carbon stock    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
2    NPP C    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net primary production    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
3    C input    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Total carbon input to soil    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
4    C grain & tuber    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon removed through harvested grain and tubers    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
5    C residue & roots not removed    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon input from crop residues and roots remaining in the field    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
6    C soil respiration    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon respired during decomposition of soil organic carbon    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
7    CH₄ net emissions    kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net methane emissions from soil    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
8    Irrigation    mm yr⁻¹    Total irrigation water applied    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
9    C org leaching    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Organic carbon leached from the soil organic layer into stream flow    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
10    C manure    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon input through manure and other organic amendments    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
11    C grain & tuber    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon removed through harvested grain and tubers    Year 1    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
12    Active SOC pool    g C m⁻²    Active soil organic carbon pool    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
13    Slow SOC pool    g C m⁻²    Slow soil organic carbon pool    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
14    Passive SOC pool    g C m⁻²    Passive soil organic carbon pool    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
31    Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)    t C ha⁻¹    Soil organic carbon stock    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
32    NPP C    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net primary production    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
33    C input    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Total carbon input to soil    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
34    C grain & tuber    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon removed through harvested grain and tubers    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
35    C residue & roots not removed    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon input from crop residues and roots remaining in the field    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
36    C soil respiration    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon respired during decomposition of soil organic carbon    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
37    CH₄ net emissions    kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net methane emissions from soil    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
38    Irrigation    mm yr⁻¹    Total irrigation water applied    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
39    C org leaching    kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Organic carbon leached from the soil organic layer into stream flow    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
40    C manure    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon input through manure and other organic amendments    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
41    C grain & tuber    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Carbon removed through harvested grain and tubers    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
42    Active SOC pool    g C m⁻²    Active soil organic carbon pool    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
43    Slow SOC pool    g C m⁻²    Slow soil organic carbon pool    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
44    Passive SOC pool    g C m⁻²    Passive soil organic carbon pool    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_


Table 4 Layer descriptions of multiband raster layers containing all indicators for the Current & BAU scenario (Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif) and all 100%OA scenarios (files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_). 

Layer    Variable    Unit    Description    Timeframe    Rasters
1    Mineral P input    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Input of phosphorus through mineral fertilization    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
2    P manure input    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Input of phosphorus through manure application    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
3    P crop harvest    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Phosphorus removed through harvested crops    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
4    P residue removal    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Phosphorus removed through harvested crop residues    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
5    P residue removal    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Phosphorus removed through residue removal    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
6    P org leaching    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Organic phosphorus leaching    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
7    Soil P available    g P m⁻²    Labile soil phosphorus pool    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
8    Net C erosion    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net carbon transported through soil erosion    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
9    Soil P available    g P m⁻²    Plant-available phosphorus pool    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
10    Soil P total    g P m⁻²    Total soil phosphorus stock    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
11    Mineral P input    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Input of phosphorus through mineral fertilization    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
12    P manure input    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Input of phosphorus through manure application    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
13    P crop harvest    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Phosphorus removed through harvested crops    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
14    P residue removal    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Phosphorus removed through harvested crop residues    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
15    P residue removal    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Phosphorus removed through residue removal    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
16    P org leaching    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Organic phosphorus leaching    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
17    Soil P available    g P m⁻²    Labile soil phosphorus pool    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
18    Net C erosion    t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Net carbon transported through soil erosion    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
19    Soil P available    g P m⁻²    Plant-available phosphorus pool    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
20    Soil P total    g P m⁻²    Total soil phosphorus stock    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
21    P leaching    kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Mineral phosphorus leaching    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
22    Mineral N input    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Input of nitrogen through mineral fertilization    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
23    N manure input    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Input of nitrogen through manure application    2019–2022    all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
24    N crop harvest    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen removed through harvested crops    2019–2022    all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
23    N manure input    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Input of nitrogen through manure application    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
24    N crop harvest    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen removed through harvested crops    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
25    N residue removal    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen removed through harvested crop residues    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
26    N residue removal    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen removed through residue removal    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
27    N leaching    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Mineral nitrogen leaching (NO₃⁻)    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
28    N leaching    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Organic nitrogen leaching (N-DOC)    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
29    N fixation    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
30    N deposition    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Atmospheric wet and dry nitrogen deposition    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
31    N2O-N    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrous oxide emissions    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
32    NOx-N    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitric oxide emissions    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
33    N2    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Dinitrogen emissions    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
34    Soil C:N ratio    -    Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of soil organic matter    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
35    Soil N total    g N m⁻²    Total soil nitrogen stock    2019–2022    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif
36    Mineral N input    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Input of nitrogen through mineral fertilization    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
37    N manure input    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Input of nitrogen through manure application    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
38    N crop harvest    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen removed through harvested crops    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
39    N residue removal    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen removed through harvested crop residues    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
40    N residue removal    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrogen removed through residue removal    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
41    N leaching    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Mineral nitrogen leaching (NO₃⁻)    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
42    N leaching    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Organic nitrogen leaching (N-DOC)    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
43    N fixation    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
44    N deposition    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Atmospheric wet and dry nitrogen deposition    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
45    N2O-N    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitrous oxide emissions    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
46    NOx-N    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Nitric oxide emissions    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
47    N2    kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹    Dinitrogen emissions    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
48    Soil C:N ratio    -    Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of soil organic matter    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_
49    Soil N total    g N m⁻²    Total soil nitrogen stock    2031–2034    /Current_BAU/FLX_BAU.tif and all files in /100%OA/ beginning with FLX_


Citation

If you use these datasets, please cite:

Muntwyler, A., Lugato, E., Panagos, P., Scherer, L., Muller, A., Pfister, S. (2026). Modelling organic agriculture expansion in the EU: Assessing productivity and environmental trade-offs. Global Change Biology

Contact
Anna Muntwyler
annaverena.muntwyler@agroscope.admin.ch

Emanuele Lugato , Emanuele.lugato@ec.europa.eu